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skip to content andrewmelcher.com andrewmelcher.com menu and widgets how seed dispersal drove animal evolution 20,000—calorie jack-fruits . . . and long dinosaur necks to reach them 20,000-calorie jackfruits . . . part-2 proto-birds survived when the dangling fruit broke-off t-rex: 99% submerged alligator and 1% charging frilled lizard the chimp that kept holding a stick: it’s still a human instinct email address & reuse info search for: contact me andrew[a.t]melcher[d.ot]info comments how seed dispersal drove animal evolution 1) seed-dispersal caused amphibians by feeding them. before amphibians evolved about 370-mya (million years ago), seed dispersal was a huge problem for plants. wind and insects are relatively effective for pollination, but not for spreading seeds. so before amphibians evolved, many plants could only expand their territory by a few meters a year. at this time river-born seed dispersal would spread seeds farthest, and this caused nature to favor the plants that would disperse their seeds via waterways. little doubt fish quickly evolved to feed on the nutritious river-borne seeds and spores. and little doubt the struggle for nutrition drove some fish to begin entering shallower and shallower waters, and then finally on dry land to get more of the nutritious seeds. now rains would occasionally wash the seeds of nearby plants into the waterways, so many plants that were merely near rivers (and small tributaries) were also being favored by river-based seed dispersal. these probably evolved to drop their seeds throughout the year because heavy rain would carry would often carry their seeds away. therefore we imagine that the areas around the world’s rivers and brooks were full of nutritious seeds until the arrival of the proto-amphibian fish aquatic animals tend to be tall and thin, early terrestrial animals tend to be short and wide. here is a fish that is quite terrestrial, or at least littoral. at some point, a remarkable thing happened. seeds began passing through this terrestrial fish and onto land, some distance along the river, and far from where the seeds came from. once this seed-dispersal symbiosis evolved, the plants participating in it had an advantage over the rest of the plant species. and at the same time, the “land-fish” eating their seeds was spreading the territory of its symbiots, so its food supply was constantly being enlarged by its own feeding. here is an axolotl, a salamander with external respiratory organs. presumably the walking on land evolved before the ability to breathe air. the limiting factor seems to have been the ability of the fish to move far from the water in search of seeds. and the individual fish that could do this was both best at dispersing seeds, and best and finding ample food. thus the benefits of seed spreading favored the fish that could venture farther and farther onto the land to find seeds to eat and spread. and this is where the amphibians came from, beginning about 370-mya. this is also where the conifers (pine, juniper, holly), apparently came from, also about 370-mya. the timing coincidence is because the two were aparently symbiots. 2) seed-spreading caused reptiles by feeding them. seed spreading pulled vertebrate life far from the water by feeding it. about 320 to 310-mya, we start to see animals that did not go back to the water to breed, namely the reptiles. this was about the same time when cycads evolved. cycads are palm-like plants which today put coconuts and giant bundles of dates high up a long stalk. the early cycads were however short. some experts think the first proto-cycads began around 325-mya, although some experts with a stricter definition of a cycad think that it was as late as 280-mya. thus due to timing, it appears that the fruiting cycads were the main symbiot of the first non-amphibious reptiles. thus it appears that seed dispersal also pulled animal life away from the water and caused the reptiles. 3) seed spreading caused plants to offer fruit after some time, the plants began helping their symbiots (and the survival of their own seeds) by providing fruit nutrition outside the seed itself. this is why we have fruits of two parts. one is tasty, soft, sweet fruit, and the other is the hard inedible part, like with an avocado, peach or mango. the delicious edible fruit evolved as the symbiot-helping bribe. the hard inedible seed evolved as the part to pass through the digestive tract of the symbiot. this fruit bribery is what the angiosperm plants (the flowering and fruiting plants) evolved for. and we do find fossilized angiosperm-like pollen from about 245-mya. and while the first dinosaur fossils officially come from about 225-mya, their proto-dinosaur ancestors could have easily been angiosperm symbiots say 20-million years earlier. here is a durian sliced in half. note the thick, woody, and spine-encrusted husk. note the big seeds within a thick layer of fruit. if this durian has 3-kilos of fruit, it will have 4,500-calories of nutrition. the arms race of the plants (to spread their seeds farthest) led them to give all they could to their most beneficial seed spreading animal symbiots (as we see in the hugely nutritious durian above). thus the benefit of terrestrial seed spreading caused the plants to draw the fish out of the water by nourishing them. also, in a similar way, seed spreading caused the plants to draw the animals into the treetops for reasons that we will get to next. 4) seed-spreading caused dinosaurs to be big 5) seed-spreading caused tall trees with macro-fruit lets go back to before birds and bird-based seed-spreading evolved. at this time, if plants wanted animals to spread their seeds, they had to give away a fruit-snack just like today. but at that time, the seeds swallowed by the biggest and highest-reaching animals tended to be spread further, giving that tree species an important advantage over seeds swallowed by smaller creatures that did not need to constantly roam in search of food. so before the evolution of birds as effective seed spreaders, survival favored trees with giant, nutritious fruits high up, along with their giant animal symbiots capable of reaching this fruit. this is the evolutionary force that both caused dinosaur gigantism, as well as tall trees. now saying that dinosaurs also ate fruit is a bit of a heresy for paleontologists. this is because there are many dinosaur coprolites (fossilized feces) that have been analyzed, and none show any evidence of sweet fruit in the dinosaur diet. they show evidence of leaves and pine cones, but not sweet fruit. coprolites are however quite rare, and they are even rarer inside dinosaurs . also, we don’t find any large fossilized sweet fruit outside of dinosaurs because high-energy fruit, like high-energy dinosaur soft tissue normally breaks down completely, unlike low-energy pine cones and leaves. so it may be that the presence of fruit in the dinosaur’s gut causes all the gut contents to break down completely, and we only find coprolites when dinosaurs were eating low-energy foods. 6) seed-spreading caused dangling fruit on break-away stems small animals were constantly climbing the trees to steal the macro-fruit and cheat the dinosaur (sauropod) seed-spreading system. this caused all the fruiting plants plants to evolve dangling fruit on break-away stems. at first this boobytrap, or counter-measure must have been highly effective at preventing small animals from cheating the system. 7) seed-spreading caused birds today the main theory of the origin of the birds is that they evolved jumping down on prey animals. this theory however works better if we use fruit instead of prey animals. thus the birds came from the cheating animals that survived the fall when the dangling fruit broke-away. first they survived small falls, then larger falls, then falls from any tree. then they evolved to conserve energy jumping and gliding between trees… of greater and greater distance

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Domain Name: MEMORYSTRENGTHENING.COM
Registry Domain ID: 2116081090_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN
Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.godaddy.com
Registrar URL: http://www.godaddy.com
Updated Date: 2018-06-01T16:52:21Z
Creation Date: 2017-04-20T14:47:49Z
Registry Expiry Date: 2019-04-20T14:47:49Z
Registrar: GoDaddy.com, LLC
Registrar IANA ID: 146
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Domain Status: clientUpdateProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientUpdateProhibited
Name Server: DNS10.PARKPAGE.FOUNDATIONAPI.COM
Name Server: DNS11.PARKPAGE.FOUNDATIONAPI.COM
DNSSEC: unsigned
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  REGISTRAR GoDaddy.com, LLC

SERVERS

  SERVER com.whois-servers.net

  ARGS domain =memorystrengthening.com

  PORT 43

  TYPE domain
RegrInfo
DOMAIN

  NAME memorystrengthening.com

  CHANGED 2018-06-01

  CREATED 2017-04-20

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  DNS10.PARKPAGE.FOUNDATIONAPI.COM 199.79.61.222

  DNS11.PARKPAGE.FOUNDATIONAPI.COM 209.99.40.223

  REGISTERED yes

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